\u201cOur forefathers found the wild animals here,\u201d says 55-year-old Isaac ole Kishoyian, a resident of Empakasi, a small settlement overlooking Nairobi national park. \u201cThere was enough prey before people built permanent settlements around the park.\u201d<\/p>\n
Now, wildebeests and impalas no longer migrate from the south, he says, and lions find his cows to be easy targets. \u201cBut we still want our children to enjoy the same wild heritage as we did.\u201d<\/p>\n Kishoyian has fenced off only a tiny portion of his 12-hectare (30-acre) piece of land. But lions still break through. A few weeks ago, a lion managed to enter the cattle pen while Kishoyian was away.<\/p>\n \u201cMy wife heard the commotion and scared the lion away before it could kill one of my cows,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n Less than a mile from Kishoyian\u2019s home, 68-year-old Phylis Enenoa plays with her great-grandson outside her iron-sheet home. Like Kishoyian, Enenoa has left most of her 11-hectare field unfenced, and her four cows graze alongside zebras, impalas and the occasional wildebeest.<\/p>\n Lion sightings are frequent around her home, their intentions always clear. The flimsy barbed-wire fence around the homestead can barely keep out the hungry predators, which have been responsible for the loss of 10 sheep and three cows.<\/p>\n \u201cLook at the black one,\u201d she says, pointing to one of her cows, which survived an attack about two weeks ago. \u201cI don\u2019t know how long she will survive in that condition.\u201d<\/p>\n Every lion cub conceived [in the park] is denied the chance to mate beyond the tightening evolutionary noose The lions lie in wait for the opportune time to strike. As we drive along a narrow dirt road near one of the homesteads, we freeze as our guide points to the shade of an acacia bush less than 10 metres away, where a lioness lies motionless, her amber eyes fixed on us.<\/p>\n Before the turn of the last century, rangelands south of Nairobi, including the present-day Amboseli national park, were all interconnected, providing enough room for wild animals to roam. However, the growth of human settlements, infrastructure, commercial activity and land fragmentation have blocked this movement, largely confining wild animals to the 117 sq km (45 sq mile) Nairobi national park.<\/p>\n Conservationists say each lost corridor around the park further restricts the trickle of fresh genes, resulting in isolated herds breeding with \u201ccousins\u201d rather than distant strangers. A smaller gene pool results in fewer wild herbivores, making hungry lions hunt more livestock.<\/p>\n \u201cShrinking genetic variety does more than change pedigrees \u2013 it chips away at survival traits forged over millennia,\u201d says Dr Joseph Ogutu from Hohenheim University in Stuttgart, Germany, who has led wildlife researchers in publishing reports about the collapse of animal migrations in Africa.<\/p>\n \u201cInbreeding can shorten lifespans, curb fertility and weaken immune systems, leaving animals less able to navigate drought, disease or the urban noise,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n \u201cEvery lion cub conceived [in the park] is denied the chance to mate beyond the tightening evolutionary noose,\u201d he adds, warning of an \u201cecological extinction if the gene pool that once flowed across an open savanna is stagnating\u201d.<\/p>\n A single adult lion, says Ogutu, requires as much as three tonnes of meat a year \u2013 equivalent to 14 wildebeests but the park holds only a few hundred large ungulates other than buffalo and giraffe.<\/p>\n One of his research papers says wildebeests migrating between Nairobi national park and the adjacent Athi-Kaputiei plains \u201cdecreased from 30,000 animals in 1978 to less than 1,000 today\u201d. As wild prey diminishes, livestock in nearby homesteads become easy pickings for predators, with the lions\u2019 hunting \u201con the hungriest nights, risking confrontations with people\u201d.<\/p>\n Help increase the wild animals so that lions can also have enough food and reduce attacks on cattle But the residents are willing to tolerate this uneasy coexistence by leaving the remaining corridors open and giving up economic activities that are not in line with wildlife conservation, such as crop farming or keeping large herds of livestock, if both government and wildlife conservation organisations ramp up compensation processes for their losses while compensating them financially for protecting biodiversity.<\/p>\n With 65-75% of wild animals in Kenya living outside conservation areas, the government relies on private landowners to host and protect wildlife. It is reviewing wildlife laws to entrench a more community-led approach to conservation.<\/p>\n Silvia Museiya, from the state department for wildlife, says: \u201cIf people see no benefits of hosting wildlife on their land, they will convert [the land] to other uses.\u201d<\/p>\n In April 2025, 256 landowners, including those adjacent to Nairobi national park, Amboseli and Masai Mara, more than 100 miles away, received $175,000 (\u00a3129,000), the first of a biannual payment earned from a pilot programme that pays landowners to keep more than 14,000 hectares (35,000 acres) open and intact. Each landowner will be paid $5 an acre each year, a modest amount that locals hope will increase as more join the programme and it attracts more finance.<\/p>\n \u201cI got 6,000 shillings [\u00a334] for my 20 acres of grassland,\u201d says 35-year-old Daniel Parsaurei. \u201cThe amount is not much but \u2026 if we open up the land, we can all have enough grazing areas and help increase the wild animals so that lions can also have enough food and reduce attacks on cattle.\u201d<\/p>\n The programme uses remote-sensing technologies developed by Andrew Davies at Harvard University to measure the extent of biodiversity within a given region and create \u201cbiodiversity credits\u201d to sell for its protection. Proponents of this programme say it is a more direct and immediate form of nature financing, to incentivise the individuals who directly protect such biodiversity every day.<\/p>\n Viraj Sikand, co-founder of EarthAcre, a local startup that finds funders for biodiversity and monitors how such capital reaches local communities, says: \u201cUnless such payments are delivered directly to landowners, all the land will go.\u201d<\/p>\n According to Ogutu, without stakeholders restoring prey populations outside the park and reconnecting roaming routes, predators will remain both \u201cvictims and villains in a drama of our own making\u201d.<\/p>\n \u201cThe choice is stark,\u201d he says, \u201cfeed lions with functioning ecosystems, or watch them feed on livestock until neither can be sustained.\u201d<\/p>\n
\nDr Joseph Ogutu<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
\nDaniel Parsaurei<\/p><\/blockquote>\n